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Electrical conductivity or
specific conductivity is a measure of a material's ability to
electrical conduction an electric current. When an
electrical potential difference is placed across a conductor, its movable charges flow, giving rise to an electric current. The conductivity σ is defined as the ratio of the current density \mathbf{J} to the electric field strength \mathbf{E}:
\mathbf{J} = \sigma \mathbf{E}.
It is also possible to have materials in which the conductivity is
anisotropic, in which case σ is a 3×3 matrix (mathematics) (or more technically a rank-2 tensor) which is generally symmetric matrix.
Conductivity is the Reciprocal (mathematics) (
invertible matrix) of electrical resistivity and has the SI units of Siemens (unit) per
metre (S·m-1) i.e. if the electrical conductance between opposite faces of a 1-metre cube of material is 1 siemens then the material's electrical conductivity is 1 siemens per metre. Electrical conductivity is commonly represented by the
Greek alphabet Sigma (letter), but
kappa or
gamma are also occasionally used.
An EC meter is normally used to measure conductivity in a solution.
Classification of materials by conductivity
- A Electrical conductor such as a metal has high conductivity.
- An Electrical_insulation like glass or a vacuum has low conductivity.
- The conductivity of a semiconductor is generally intermediate, but varies widely under different conditions, such as exposure of the material to electric fields or specific frequencies of light, and, most important, with temperature and composition of the semiconductor material.
The degree of doping in solid state semiconductors makes a large difference in conductivity. More doping leads to higher conductivity. The conductivity of a
Solution (chemistry) of Water (molecule) is highly dependent on its
concentration of dissolved salts and sometimes other chemical species which tend to
Ionization in the solution. Electrical conductivity of water samples is used as an indicator of how salt-free or impurity-free the sample is; the purer the water, the lower the conductivity.
Some electrical conductivities
{| class="wikitable"|- bgcolor="#efefef"!!Electrical Conductivity(S·m-1)!Temperature(°C)!Notes|-|Silver|59.6 × 106|20|-|[Annealing (metallurgy) Copper|37.8 × 106|20||-|[Seawater|0.0005 to 0.05||This value range is typical of high quality drinking water and not an indicator of water quality|-|[Deionized water|5.5 × 10-6||changes to 1.2 × 10-4 in air saturated water; see J. Phys. Chem. B 2005, 109, 1231-1238|}
Complex conductivity
To analyse the conductivity of materials exposed to alternating electric fields, it is necessary to treat conductivity as a complex number (or as a matrix of complex numbers, in the case of anisotropic materials mentioned above) called the
Admittance. This method is used in applications such as
electrical impedance tomography, a type of industrial and
medical imaging. Admittivity is the sum of a real component called the conductivity and an imaginary component called the
Susceptance.
Temperature dependence
Electrical conductivity is strongly dependent on temperature. In metals, electrical conductivity decreases with increasing temperature, whereas in semiconductors, electrical conductivity increases with increasing temperature. Over a limited temperature range, the electrical conductivity can be approximated as being proportionality (mathematics) to
temperature. In order to compare electrical conductivity measurements at different temperatures, they need to be standardized to a common temperature. This dependence is often expressed as a
slope in the conductivity-vs-temperature graph, and can be used:
\sigma_{T'} = {\sigma_T \over 1 + \alpha (T - T')}
where
σT′ is the electrical conductivity at a common temperature,
T′
σT is the electrical conductivity at a measured temperature,
T
α is the temperature compensation slope of the material,
T is the measured absolute temperature,
T′ is the common temperature.
The temperature compensation slope for most naturally occurring
waters is about 2 %/°C, however it can range between(1 to 3) %/°C. This slope is influenced by the
geochemistry, and can be easily determined in a
laboratory.
At extremely low temperatures (not far from absolute 0 K), a few materials have been found to exhibit very high electrical conductivity in a phenomenon called
superconductivity.
See also
External links
- Measurement of the Electrical Conductivity of Glass Melts Measurement Techniques, Definitions, Electrical conductivity Calculation from the Glass Composition
- Periodic Table of Elements Sorted by Electrical Conductivity
Electrical conductivity or
specific conductivity is a measure of a material's ability to
electrical conduction an electric current. When an
electrical potential difference is placed across a conductor, its movable charges flow, giving rise to an electric current. The conductivity σ is defined as the ratio of the current density \mathbf{J} to the electric field strength \mathbf{E}:
\mathbf{J} = \sigma \mathbf{E}.
It is also possible to have materials in which the conductivity is anisotropic, in which case σ is a 3×3
matrix (mathematics) (or more technically a rank-2 tensor) which is generally
symmetric matrix.
Conductivity is the Reciprocal (mathematics) (invertible matrix) of
electrical resistivity and has the SI units of
Siemens (unit) per metre (S·m-1) i.e. if the electrical conductance between opposite faces of a 1-metre cube of material is 1 siemens then the material's electrical conductivity is 1 siemens per metre. Electrical conductivity is commonly represented by the Greek alphabet
Sigma (letter), but kappa or
gamma are also occasionally used.
An EC meter is normally used to measure conductivity in a solution.
Classification of materials by conductivity
- A Electrical conductor such as a metal has high conductivity.
- An Electrical_insulation like glass or a vacuum has low conductivity.
- The conductivity of a semiconductor is generally intermediate, but varies widely under different conditions, such as exposure of the material to electric fields or specific frequencies of light, and, most important, with temperature and composition of the semiconductor material.
The degree of doping in solid state semiconductors makes a large difference in conductivity. More doping leads to higher conductivity. The conductivity of a
Solution (chemistry) of Water (molecule) is highly dependent on its concentration of dissolved salts and sometimes other chemical species which tend to Ionization in the solution. Electrical conductivity of water samples is used as an indicator of how salt-free or impurity-free the sample is; the purer the water, the lower the conductivity.
Some electrical conductivities
{| class="wikitable"|- bgcolor="#efefef"!!Electrical Conductivity(S·m-1)!Temperature(°C)!Notes|-|
Silver|59.6 × 106|20|-|[Annealing (metallurgy) Copper|37.8 × 106|20||-|[Seawater|0.0005 to 0.05||This value range is typical of high quality drinking water and not an indicator of water quality|-|[Deionized water|5.5 × 10-6||changes to 1.2 × 10-4 in air saturated water; see J. Phys. Chem. B 2005, 109, 1231-1238|}
Complex conductivity
To analyse the conductivity of materials exposed to alternating electric fields, it is necessary to treat conductivity as a
complex number (or as a matrix of complex numbers, in the case of anisotropic materials mentioned above) called the
Admittance. This method is used in applications such as electrical impedance tomography, a type of industrial and medical imaging. Admittivity is the sum of a real component called the conductivity and an imaginary component called the Susceptance.
Temperature dependence
Electrical conductivity is strongly dependent on
temperature. In metals, electrical conductivity decreases with increasing temperature, whereas in
semiconductors, electrical conductivity increases with increasing temperature. Over a limited temperature range, the electrical conductivity can be approximated as being
proportionality (mathematics) to
temperature. In order to compare electrical conductivity measurements at different temperatures, they need to be standardized to a common temperature. This dependence is often expressed as a
slope in the conductivity-vs-temperature graph, and can be used:
\sigma_{T'} = {\sigma_T \over 1 + \alpha (T - T')}
where
σT′ is the electrical conductivity at a common temperature,
T′
σT is the electrical conductivity at a measured temperature,
T
α is the temperature compensation slope of the material,
T is the measured absolute temperature,
T′ is the common temperature.
The temperature compensation slope for most naturally occurring waters is about 2 %/°C, however it can range between(1 to 3) %/°C. This slope is influenced by the
geochemistry, and can be easily determined in a
laboratory.
At extremely low temperatures (not far from absolute 0 K), a few materials have been found to exhibit very high electrical conductivity in a phenomenon called
superconductivity.
See also
- Classical and quantum conductivity
- Electrical conduction for a discussion of the physical origin of electrical conductivity.
- Electrical resistance
- Electrical resistivity is the inverse of electric conductivity
- SI electromagnetism units
- Total dissolved solids for a discussion of electrical conductivity of aqueous media
- Transport phenomena
External links
- Measurement of the Electrical Conductivity of Glass Melts Measurement Techniques, Definitions, Electrical conductivity Calculation from the Glass Composition
- Periodic Table of Elements Sorted by Electrical Conductivity
Electrical conductivity - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Definition: electrical conductivity from Online Medical Dictionary
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DoITPoMS TLP - Introduction to Anisotropy - Electrical conductivity
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Microsoft Word - Electrical Conductivity probe.doc
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Morphology and Electrical Conductivity in Polyaniline/polyolefin ...
Hosier, I. L., Vaughan, A. S., Patel, D., Sutton, S. J. and Swingler, S. G. (2001) Morphology and Electrical Conductivity in Polyaniline/polyolefin Blends. IEEE Trans.
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Creative Chemistry - Trend in electrical conductivity of Period 3 ...
Information about trends in physical properties for AS and A Level Chemistry. ... Trend in electrical conductivity of Period 3 elements What is here? Electrical conductivity ...
Electrical Conductivity
Electrical conductivity (EC) estimates the amount of total dissolved salts (TDS), or the total amount of dissolved ions in the water.
L3xicon.com :::
electrical: The adj electrical has 2 senses (first 1 from tagged texts) 1. (16) electrical -- (relating to or concerned with electricity; "an electrical engineer"; "electrical and ...
